Not only did the Iran war pit the United States and Israel against Tehran; it also reshaped the region’s lines of engagement, drawing Arab Gulf states into a deeper, largely covert role in the regional confrontation.

The Wall Street Journal reported on May 11 that the United Arab Emirates secretly carried out strikes inside Iran, including against a refinery on Lavan Island. Bloomberg later reported that some Emirati actions were coordinated with Israel following Iranian attacks on Emirati infrastructure. A day later, Reuters reported that Saudi Arabia also launched covert retaliatory strikes inside Iran and against Iran-linked militias in Iraq.

The reports, none officially confirmed by Abu Dhabi or Riyadh, suggest that some Gulf states have moved beyond purely defensive postures during the conflict, gradually becoming more directly involved in the regional confrontation with Iran.

The UAE appears to have moved toward deeper operational coordination with Israel and Washington, while Saudi Arabia paired limited retaliation with continued diplomacy toward Tehran. The result was not a unified Gulf front against Iran, but a fragmented regional security landscape shaped by different approaches to deterrence, escalation and relations with Israel.