As Kurds grow more assertive about their right to hold a referendum on independence next week, rhetoric from politicians, military generals and regional officials is threatening to undermine the social cohesion that has so far prevailed in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

For over three years, the Islamic State (IS) did everything in its power to sow the seeds of division between the various religious and ethnic communities in Iraq. The militants failed to a large extent, but as the country struggles to recover from the devastation of war, the Kurdistan referendum has become yet another opportunity for some to induce fear in the heart of their communities and bolster their own positions. Social networking sites and in particular Facebook have become the most important media through which these sectarian messages are being circulated to the public in Iraqi Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq.

Thousands of displaced Arabs have lived in peace across the Kurdish region for years, and many are happy to continue living in the relative security of the north. “I have no complaints, and people are very receptive here in Sulaimaniyah,” said Khales, a 33-year-old nurse from Tal Afar who is now working in a hospital in Sulaimaniyah treating mainly Kurdish patients. Khales, who has learned some Kurdish, fled with his family immediately after IS took over Mosul and Tal Afar in June 2014. “I think people can live together if politicians let them,“ Khales said as he took a drag from his shisha surrounded by both Shiite and Sunni relatives under the willow trees at Chami Razan, a nature attraction near Sulaimaniyah.

Despite the current calm in the Kurdish region, the Kurds endured decades of oppression at the hand of successive regimes in Baghdad, and sectarian messages could have a negative impact on the Kurdish public and how they see their displaced Arab neighbors.